Cross-cultural measurement invariance evidence of individualism and collectivism: from the idiosyncratic to universal.

Introduction: Culture plays a fundamental role in shaping human behavior, with individualism and collectivism being key cultural dimensions. However, existing scales for measuring these constructs, such as the INDCOL scale, have demonstrated issues when applied in diverse cultural contexts. To address this, we present the translation and adaptation of the Mexican Vertical and Horizontal Individualism and Collectivism Scale (MXINDCOL) into English, aiming to identify both universal and culture-specific elements. Methods: Data were collected from 1124 participants (371 from the United States, 753 from Mexico) using the MXINDCOL and INDCOL scales. Propensity score matching was applied to balance demographic differences between the samples. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) assessed model fit, and cross-cultural measurement invariance was examined. Reliability, convergent and discriminant validity were also assessed. Results: The English-translated MXINDCOL scale demonstrated good model fit in both US and Mexican samples, outperforming the INDCOL scale. Reliability values were higher for the MXINDCOL scale compared to INDCOL. Cross-cultural measurement invariance was established, allowing for meaningful comparisons between the two cultures. US participants scored higher on vertical collectivism, while Mexican participants scored higher on horizontal collectivism and horizontal individualism. Discussion: The MXINDCOL scale offers a culturally sensitive measurement of individualism and collectivism, addressing issues found in existing scales. It provides a more accurate assessment of cultural orientations and enriches the understanding of cultural dimensions by incorporating idiosyncratic elements. Further research in diverse cultural contexts is recommended to validate and refine the scale, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of cultural variations in individualism and collectivism.

miR-203 drives breast cancer cell differentiation.

A hallmark of many malignant tumors is dedifferentiated (immature) cells bearing slight or no resemblance to the normal cells from which the cancer originated. Tumor dedifferentiated cells exhibit a higher capacity to survive to chemo and radiotherapies and have the ability to incite tumor relapse. Inducing cancer cell differentiation would abolish their self-renewal and invasive capacity and could be combined with the current standard of care, especially in poorly differentiated and aggressive tumors (with worst prognosis). However, differentiation therapy is still in its early stages and the intrinsic complexity of solid tumor heterogeneity demands innovative approaches in order to be efficiently translated into the clinic. We demonstrate here that microRNA 203, a potent driver of differentiation in pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and iPSCs), promotes the differentiation of mammary gland tumor cells. Combining mouse in vivo approaches and both mouse and human-derived tridimensional organoid cultures, we report that miR-203 influences the self-renewal capacity, plasticity and differentiation potential of breast cancer cells and prevents tumor cell growth in vivo. Our work sheds light on differentiation-based antitumor therapies and offers miR-203 as a promising tool for directly confronting the tumor-maintaining and regeneration capability of cancer cells.

Construcción y Validación de una Escala de Conductas de Separación de Pareja / Construction and Validation of a Scale of Couple Separation Behaviors

Resumen Las investigaciones en torno a una ruptura de pareja plantean medir las estrategias y conductas que las personas llevan a cabo para terminar sus relaciones románticas. Se propone entender la separación de pareja a partir del Modelo de Inversión de Rusbult (1979). Resulta relevante probar el modelo incluyendo elementos psicométricos que permitan comprender su validez al evaluar las conductas de separación. De esta forma el propósito de este estudio fue someter a prueba, un análisis exploratorio y confirmatorio de una escala que mida las conductas que las personas realizan para terminar su relación de pareja. Para ello se creó una escala de Conductas ante la separación de pareja a partir de un estudio exploratorio. La escala en su versión inicial contó con 50 reactivos en escala tipo Likert, aplicados en línea a 230 adultos de la Ciudad de México y Área Metropolitana. Al inicio del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se obtuvo una escala final de 18 reactivos distribuidos en 4 factores (alejamiento, confrontación, depresión por separación e infidelidad) que explican el 68,47% de la varianza explicada con una confiabilidad de α = .871. Esta estructura fue corroborada por un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Se encuentra una escala robusta y confiable, y se concluye que las conductas de separación evaluadas a partir del alejamiento con la expareja, que puede ser por medio de la comunicación o de ejercer conductas que transgreden como una infidelidad, afectan principalmente el estado emocional de las personas que lo viven.

Abstract Research on a couple's breakup aims to measure the strategies and behaviors that people carry out to end their romantic relationships. We propose to understand couple separation based on Rusbult's Reversal Model (1979). It is revealing to test the model including psychometric elements that allow us to understand its validity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test an exploratory and confirmatory analysis of a scale that measures the behaviors that people perform to end their relationship. The initial version of the scale had 50 items on a Likert scale, applied online to 230 adults in Mexico City and Metropolitan Area. At the beginning of the exploratory factor analysis, a final scale of 18 items distributed in 4 factors (distancing, confrontation, depression due to separation and infidelity) was obtained, explaining 68.47% of the variance explained with a reliability of α = .871. This structure was corroborated by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A robust and reliable scale is found, and it is concluded that the separation behaviors evaluated from the distance with the ex-partner, which can be through communication or exercising behaviors that transgress such as infidelity, mainly affect the emotional state of the people who live it.

Desarrollo de Escala sobre Celos Románticos en Redes Sociales (Facebook y Whatsapp) / Development of the Social Networking Sites (Facebook and Whatsapp) Romantic Jealousy Scale

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo fue desarrollar y validar psicométricamente una escala para medir celos románticos en Facebook y WhatsApp, asimismo se buscó evidencia de que los reactivos no tuvieran un funcionamiento diferencial por sexo mediante análisis de invarianza factorial. Se trabajó con dos grupos de participantes de la Ciudad de México, 300 para un análisis factorial exploratorio y 300 para un análisis factorial confirmatorio y prueba de invarianza. Se encontró una estructura con 24 reactivos, adecuada confiabilidad (α = .96) correcto ajuste [χ2 (246) = 433.99, p <.01; CF1 = .99; RMSEA = .05] e invarianza factorial por sexo, por lo que se concluye que la escala es confiable y válida y permite comparación por sexo sin sesgos de medición.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to develop and psychometrically validate a Scale to measure romantic jealousy on Facebook and WhatsApp, also evidence of non-differential function of the items by sex is presented in the form of a factorial invariance test. Two groups of Participants from Mexico City worked on, 300 for an exploratory factor analysis and 300 for confirmatory factor analysis and invariance testing. A structure was found with 24 items, adequate reliability (α .96) corrects fit [χ2 (246) = 433.99, p <.01; CF1 = .99; RMSEA = .05] and factorial invariance by sex, so it is concluded that the Scale is reliable, valid, and allows sex comparison by sex without bias due to measurement.

Coping with Transgressions by the Romantic Partner: An Inventory Validation and its Correlation with Forgiveness / Afrontamiento ante las Transgresiones de la Pareja: Validación de un Inventario y su Relación con el Perdón

Abstract Almost every person has to deal with transgressions committed by a romantic partner and faces their negative psychological outcomes, and coping strategies might be key to understanding post-transgression dynamics and forgiveness. We tested the construct validity of the Inventory of Strategies for Coping with a Partner's Transgression which include the emotion (E-FCS), problem (P-FCS), and meaning-focused coping strategies (M-FCS) scales. Results replicated the factor structure of each of the three scales through confirmatory factor analysis techniques, tested its reliability with the McDonald's omega coefficient, and then correlated the scales with forgiveness and resentment, strengthening its construct validity. In general, the validity and reliability of scales were confirmed. Emotion-focused strategies showed a negative correlation with forgiveness, while problem and meaning-focused strategies had a positive correlation. These findings were discussed in the context of theory and their practical implications.

Resumen Las personas tienden a lidiar con transgresiones cometidas por su pareja y enfrentar sus consecuencias psicológicas aversivas, por lo que las estrategias de afrontamiento pueden ser clave para la dinámica post-transgresión, y el perdón. Validamos tres escalas para medir estrategias de afrontamiento ante las transgresiones cometidas por la pareja: Estrategias enfocadas en la emoción (E-FCS), el problema (P-FCS) y el sentido (M-FCS). Los resultados muestran que las estructuras factoriales se replicaron en mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios, se puso a prueba su confiabilidad mediante el coeficiente omega de McDonald, y finalmente se correlacionaron con el perdón y resentimiento, fortaleciendo su validez de constructo. En general los resultados muestran evidencia de validez de constructo y confiabilidad, en general los factores de la E-FCS se correlacionaron negativamente con al perdón, mientras que de P-FCS Y M-FSC lo hicieron positivamente. Se discuten los hallazgos a la luz de la teoría, y sus implicaciones prácticas.

El Mantenimiento en las Relaciones de Pareja: Una Forma de Medirlo / Maintenance in Couple Relationships: An Assessment

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la estructura factorial de la escala de mantenimiento en las relaciones de pareja en hombres y mujeres. Participaron de manera voluntaria y confidencial 731 personas (49.8% hombres y 50.2% mujeres). Se elaboró una escala con 178 reactivos, para evaluar el mantenimiento de las relaciones de pareja con base en un estudio exploratorio, con un formato de respuesta tipo Likert de 5 puntos. Esta consta de cuatro subescalas: Significado (46 reactivos y 6 factores), Motivos (30 reactivos y cuatro factores), Estrategias (46 reactivos y 6 factores) y Consecuencias (56 reactivos y 4 factores). Para cada subescala se obtuvo el análisis psicométrico. Los resultados indican una escala valida y confiable en sus cuatro subescalas, a través de análisis factoriales exploratorios y análisis de consistencia interna. Los hallazgos permiten contar con un instrumento robusto que permite evaluar en sus diferentes subescalas las áreas que componen el mantenimiento en la pareja, esto con la finalidad de realizar evaluaciones en las relaciones diádicas que fomenten parejas saludables, así como intervenciones, basadas en esta primera aproximación.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to obtain the factor structure of the Couple Relationship Maintenance Scale using a Mexican sample of men and women. A total of 731 voluntary people (49.8% men, 50.2% women) were part of this study and agreed to do so confidentially. Based on results from an exploratory study, the scale was initially developed considering 178 items in order to assess maintenance of couple relationships with a 5-point Likert response style. The scale was divided into four subscales: Meaning (46 items, 6 factors), Motives (30 items, 4 factors), Strategies (46 items, 6 factors), and Consequences (56 items, 4 factors). Each subscale required its own psychometric analysis. Exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency analysis show a valid and reliable scale in all four subscales. These findings allow for a robust scale that allows the evaluation of maintenance throughout several of its components. The development of instruments like the one presented becomes fundamental in the evaluation of dyadic relationships that in turn develop healthy couple relationships, as well as evidence-based interventions.

Propiedades Psicométricas de la Versión Corta de la Escala de Conceptuación de la Infidelidad / Psychometric Properties of the Short Version of the Infidelity Conceptualization Scale

Resumen La finalidad del presente estudio fue desarrollar la versión corta de una de las cuatro subescalas del Inventario Multidimensional de Infidelidad (IMIN). El Inventario tiene 155 reactivos totales, con opción de respuesta tipo likert de cinco puntos, y cuatro subescalas: Subescala de conducta de infidelidad; Subescala de motivación de infidelidad, Subescala de la conceptuación asociada a la infidelidad y Subescala de las consecuencias de la infidelidad. La versión corta de la Subescala conceptuación de la infidelidad se desarrolló, a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio. De cada dimensión se eligieron los 3 reactivos con los pesos factoriales más altos. Los 18 reactivos fueron contestados por 940 adultos heterosexuales con pareja exclusiva, 458 hombres y 482 mujeres. Los resultados arrojaron un modelo que conserva las seis dimensiones originales y un buen ajuste en GFI, AGFI, CFI, y RMSEA (factor uno Trasgresión, factor dos Sentimiento de pérdida, factor tres Inestabilidad, factor cuatro Pasión y factor cinco Cobardía y factor seis Amor). El coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach total fue de .90. Se puede concluir que se obtuvo una versión corta, práctica, válida, confiable y culturalmente relevante para adultos mexicanos.

Abstract The present study aims to develop the short version of one of the four subscales of the Multidimensional Inventory of Infidelity. The original Inventory includes a total of 155 items distributed in four subscales: infidelity behavior subscale; infidelity motivation subscale; associated conceptualization of infidelity subscale; and consequences of infidelity subscale. This study developed the short version of the conceptualization of infidelity subscale using a confirmatory factor analysis. The subscale has six dimensions, and for each dimension three items with the highest factor loadings were chosen. The 18 items were answered by 940 heterosexual adults with an exclusive partner, 458 men and 482 women. The results show a model that uses all the original six dimensions and has a good fit for GFI, AGFI, CFI, and RMSEA. Cronbach's alpha coefficient total was .90. It can be concluded that the obtained version is short, practical, valid, reliable and culturally relevant for Mexican adults. It can be concluded that the research successfully developed a short, practical, reliable, valid, and culturally relevant scale for Mexican adults.

Conceptuación y Medición de la Agresividad: Validación de una Escala / Conceptualization and Measurement of Aggressiveness: Validation of a Scale / Conceito e Medição da Agressividade: Validação de uma Escala

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue construir una escala de agresividad confiable y culturalmente relevante para adultos mexicanos. Se elaboraron 96 reactivos en escala Likert a partir de indicadores obtenidos en un estudio preliminar y de planteamientos teóricos. Participaron voluntarios de la Ciudad de México. Se obtuvieron cinco factores que agrupan 25 reactivos que explican el 61.59 % de la varianza, 0=0.92. En otro estudio, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio que mostró índices de ajuste adecuados. Posteriormente, se obtuvieron correlaciones entre la personalidad y la agresividad. Los resultados muestran que los factores extroversión, afabilidad, responsabilidad y apertura se asocian negativamente a la agresividad; mientras que el neuroticismo se asocia positivamente. Respecto a las diferencias por sexo, los resultados indican que los hombres muestran niveles más elevados de reactividad y las mujeres de frustración. Se concluye que la escala es un instrumento válido y confiable que permite reconocer diferencias entre los cinco grandes factores de personalidad, así como en hombres y mujeres.

Abstract The objective of this research project was to construct a reliable and culturally relevant scale to measure aggressiveness in Mexican adults. A 96-item Likert scale was designed, on the basis of indicators drawn from a preliminary study and of theoretical formulations. Participants were volunteers from Mexico City. Five factors were obtained that group together 25 items explaining 61.59 % of the variance, 0=0.92. In another study, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed, which showed adequate indexes of adjustment. Subsequently, correlations between personality and aggressiveness were obtained. Results show that the extroversion, affability, responsibility, and openness factors are negatively associated with aggressiveness, while neuroticism is positively associated. With respect to differences by sex, findings indicate that men show higher reactivity levels and women, higher frustration levels. The conclusion is that the scale is a valid and reliable instrument that makes it possible to identify differences among the five big personality traits, as well as between men and women.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi construir uma escala de agressividade confiável e culturalmente relevante para adultos mexicanos. A partir de indicadores obtidos em um estudo preliminar e abordagens teóricas, foram elaborados 96 reativos na escala Likert. Voluntários da Cidade do México participaram. Cinco fatores, que agrupam 25 itens, que explicam 61,59% da variância, 0 = 0,92, foram obtidos. Em outro estudo, foi realizada uma análise fatorial confirmatória que mostrou taxas de ajuste adequadas. Posteriormente, correlações entre personalidade e agressividade foram obtidas. Os resultados mostram que os fatores extroversão, afabilidade, responsabilidade e abertura estão associados negativamente à agressividade; enquanto o neuroticismo está positivamente associado. Em relação às diferenças por sexo, os resultados indicam que os homens apresentam níveis mais elevados de reatividade e as mulheres de frustração. Conclui-se que a escala é um instrumento válido e confiável, que permite reconhecer diferenças tanto entre os cinco grandes fatores de personalidade quanto entre homens e mulheres.

Celos e infidelidad en personas heterosexuales y homosexuales: Estudio intracultural / Jealousy and infidelity in heterosexuals and homosexuals: Intracultural study

Resumen: Durante la interacción de pareja existen diversas variables que promueven por un lado relaciones armoniosas o por el contrario relaciones dañinas. En el lado oscuro de la pareja se encuentran los celos e infidelidad, dimensiones que en la mayoría de las ocasiones generan consecuencias negativas en la pareja. Con base en ello, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer la relación entre celos e infidelidad dependiendo de la orientación sexual (homosexual y heterosexual), sexo (hombre y mujer) y lugar de origen (Ciudad de México y Colima). Participaron 186 personas, 50% eran originarias de la Ciudad de México y 50% del Estado de Colima. 102 fueron heterosexuales, 51 hombres y 51 mujeres y 84 homosexuales, 50 hombres y 34 mujeres. La edad promedio fue de 26.63 años y la desviación estándar de 6.6 años. Se administró la Escala Multidimensional de Celos (EMUCE) de Rivera, Flores, Díaz-Loving y Montero (2010) y el Inventario Multidimensional de Infidelidad (IMIN) de Romero, Rivera y Díaz-Loving (2007). Se encontró que los hombres, suelen ser infieles sexualmente, independientemente de su orientación sexual. Por otro lado, tanto para las mujeres homosexuales como heterosexuales, cuando hay una transgresión en la relación se presenta como consecuencia infidelidad sexual y emocional.

Abstract: Because of the constant changes in society, becomes important to investigate and respond to the social demands raised, in order to promote the psychosocial well-being of people and the improvement of their interpersonal relationships. Currently, the issue of jealousy and infidelity have social relevance, as both are involved in immediate environments, such as family, work, personal relationships, roles and self-evaluation; generating negative consequences. Based on this, the present research aimed to establish the relationship between jealousy and infidelity depending on the type of sexual orientation (homosexual and heterosexual), sex (male and female) and birthplace (Mexico City and Colima). The participants were 186 people, 50% of whom were from the Mexico city and 50% from the State of Colima. At the same time, the sample involved 101 men and 85 women. The Multidimensional Scale of Jealousy (EMUCE) developed by Rivera, Flores, Díaz-Loving and Montero (2010) and the Multidimensional Inventory of Infidelity (IMIN) by Romero, Rivera and Díaz-Loving (2007) test were applied. It was found that men are usually sexually unfaithful regarding their sexual orientation. On the other hand, for both homosexual and heterosexual women, when there is a transgression to the relationship, the desires of sexual and emotional infidelity appear as a consequence. The outcomes are analyzed according to the socio-cultural context.

Inventario Multidimensional de Noviazgo para Adolescentes (IMNOV-A) / Dating Relationships Multidimensional Inventory for Adolescents (DAMI-A)

Resumen La investigación sobre las relaciones de noviazgo en la adolescencia se ha visto frenada por diversos factores (Collins, 2003). La mayor parte de estudios sobre el tema se ha realizado con población juvenil y/o anglosajona; además, los cambios en su concepción han generado pocos los instrumentos que sirven para evaluar el fenómeno del noviazgo en adolescentes, y sus diferentes elementos. Por tal motivo, el propósito de este estudio fue analizar psicométricamente el Inventario Multidimensional de Noviazgo para Adolescentes (IMNOV-A). Participaron voluntariamente 503 adolescentes, con una edad entre 12 y 18 años (M = 15.71; D.E. = 1.78), que habían experimentado una relación de noviazgo, por lo menos una vez en la vida. A partir del método propuesto por Reyes Lagunes y García (2008), el inventario quedó constituido por la Subescala de Significado del Noviazgo (53.81% de la varianza total explicada, α = .886), y la Subescala de Motivos del Noviazgo (55.52% de la varianza total explicada, α = .938). Los resultados obtenidos se analizan desde la literatura sobre el desarrollo adolescente y los cambios en sus relaciones interpersonales; entonces, el significado y los motivos del noviazgo obedecen a los objetivos de esta etapa: obtener una identidad (Nahoul & González, 2013) y satisfacer necesidades socio-afectivas (Rice, 2001). Con esto, se plantea una medición más eficaz y eficiente sobre estas dimensiones del noviazgo, lo que da pie a continuar con esta línea de investigación e identificar los factores psicosociales que se relacionan con este fenómeno presente en la vida de esta población.

Abstract Research surrounding dating relationships in adolescents has been delayed because of several factors (Collins, 2003). Most of the research on this topic has been done in young and/or Anglo-Saxon populations; besides, changes in its perception have generated few useful instruments that can assess dating relationships and their inherent elements. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Dating Relationships Multidimensional Inventory for Adolescents (DATMI-A). The sample consisted of 503 adolescents that voluntarily agreed to participate, with ages between 12 and 18 (M= 15.71, SD = 1.78), who had been involved in a couple relationship at least once in their life. Following the method proposed by Reyes Lagunes and García (2008), the inventory ended being constituted by two sub-scales: The Dating Relationship Meaning Sub-scale (53.81% explained variance, α = .886), and the Dating Relationships Motives Sub-scale (55.52% explained variance, α = .938). These results are compared to relevant literature regarding adolescent development and changes in their interpersonal relationships. Therefore, both meaning and motives meet the goals for this stage of life: The acquisition of an identity (Nahoul & González, 2013) and the satisfaction of socio-affective needs (Rice, 2001). These findings suggest a more effective and efficient measurement regarding the aforementioned dimensions of dating relationships, which serves as a cornerstone for future research concerning the identification of psychosocial factors surrounding this phenomenon in everyday lives of this population.

Validity and reliability of the Mexican resilience measurement scale in families of children with chronic conditions.

BACKGROUND: The resilience to face disease is a process of positive adaptation despite the loss of health. It involves developing vitality and skills to overcome the negative effects of adversity, risks, and vulnerability caused by disease. In Mexico, the Mexican Resilience Measurement Scale (RESI-M) has been validated with a general population and has a five-factor structure. However, this scale does not allow evaluation of resilience in specific subpopulations, such as caregivers. METHOD: This study investigated the psychometric properties of RESI-M in 446 family caregivers of children with chronic diseases. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed, internal consistency values were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and mean comparisons were determined using t-tests. RESULTS: The expected five-factor model showed an adequate fit with the data based on a maximum likelihood test. The internal consistency for each factor ranged from .76 to .93, and the global internal consistency was .95. No average difference in RESI-M and its factors was found between women and men. CONCLUSION: The RESI-M showed internal consistency and its model of five correlated factors was valid among family caregivers of children with chronic diseases.

Apoyo social en adultos mexicanos: validación de una escala / Social support in Mexican adults: Validation of a scale

Resumen: El apoyo social es definido como la disponibilidad de personas en las que se puede confiar, que le hacen saber a un individuo que es valorado y amado. El objetivo del estudio fue elaborar una escala para evaluar el apoyo social en personas adultas mexicanas. En una primera fase, 200 adultos (M edad = 25, DE = 8.93) respondieron redes semánticas para obtener el significado del apoyo social. En una segunda fase, resultado de las redes semánticas y con los supuestos teóricos sobre apoyo social, se elaboró una escala Likert con 6 opciones de respuesta. Colaboraron 350 participantes (M edad = 33, DE = 9.38). En ambas fases la muestra se integró por residentes de la Ciudad de México y área metropolitana. Resultado de los análisis psicométricos realizados (sesgo, correlación ítem total, t de Student para grupos extremos, análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación oblicua y alpha de Cronbach), la escala quedó integrada por 26 reactivos distribuidos en 4 factores: emocional (α = 0.90), compañerismo (α = 0.75), validación (α = 0.82) y práctico/instrumental (α = 0.80). La varianza explicada fue del 56.33%, con un índice de fiabilidad global de 0.937. Se obtuvo una escala válida, confiable y culturalmente relevante para evaluar el apoyo social en población mexicana.

Abstract: Social support is defined as the availability of people on whom someone can rely on, people who let an individual know that he is valued and loved. The aim of this research was to elaborate a scale to assess the social support in adult Mexican people. In the first stage 200 adults (M age = 25, SD = 8.93) answered and instrument using the technique of the natural semantic networks to obtain the psychological meaning of social support. In a second stage, using the results from the first one, a Likert instrument with six answer options was elaborated. In that part 350 participants collaborated (M age = 33, SD = 9.38). In both stages the samples were integrated by Mexico City and Metropolitan Area residents. Result of the psychometric analysis performed (skew, item-total correlation, Student t test for extreme groups, factorial analysis by principal components with oblique rotation and Cronbach's alpha), the scale became integrated for 26 items distributed in 4 factors: emotional (α = .90), fellowship (α = .75), validation (α = .82) and practical/instrumental (α = .80). The explained variance was of 56.33% with a global reliability index of .937. It was obtained a valid and reliable scale, culturally relevant to assess the social support in Mexican population.

Revisión psicométrica de tres escalas del perdón: midiendo la metamorfosis emocional / Psychometric review of three scales of forgiveness: Measuring the emotional metamorphosis

Resumen: Se ha reportado que una transgresión interpersonal puede hacer que los individuos mantengan el resentimiento y experimenten más afecto negativo, ira, estrés, y depresión (Stackhouse, Ross y Boon, 2016). Dado su impacto en la salud física y mental, es importante estudiar el perdón desde la psicología científica, para lo cual es necesario contar con instrumentos válidos y confiables. Sin embargo, hay pocos en español, y no han sido suficientemente estudiados, por lo que en esta investigación se revisaron las propiedades psicométricas de tres escalas del perdón: la Escala de Capacidad de Perdón (CAPER; Casullo y Fernández-Liporacce, 2005), la Escala del Perdón (Vargas-Núñez y Pozos-Gutiérrez, 2005), y la Escala del Perdón en la Relación de Pareja (Rosales-Sarabia, 2013). Para el análisis de la escala CAPER y la Escala del Perdón participaron 253 adultos, mientras que en el caso de la Escala del Perdón en la Relación de Pareja participaron 238 personas involucradas en una relación de pareja, todos residentes del área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México. Los resultados mostraron que solo la Escala del Perdón en la Relación de Pareja replicó su estructura factorial en una muestra distinta. Se discuten los hallazgos a la luz de la literatura científica internacional.

Abstract: It has been reported that suffering from interpersonal transgressions may cause individuals to maintain resentment and experience more negative affect, anger, stress, and depression (Stackhouse, Ross, & Boon, 2016). Given its impact on physical and mental health, it is important to study forgiveness from a scientific perspective, for which counting on valid and reliable measure instruments is highly important. However, there are just a few in Spanish, and haven't been deeply studied, so in this research the psychometric properties of three scales of forgiveness were reviewed: The Forgiveness Capacity Scale (CAPER; Casullo & Fernández-Liporacce, 2005), the Forgiveness Scale (Vargas-Núñez & Pozos-Gutiérrez, 2005), and the Scale of Forgiveness in the Romantic Relationship (Rosales-Sarabia, 2013). For the psychometric analysis of CAPER and the Forgiveness Scale, 253 adults participated, while for the Scale of Forgiveness in the Romantic Relationship, 238 people involved in a relationship participated, all residents of the metropolitan area of the Mexico City. The results showed that only the Forgiveness Scale in the Romantic Relationship replicated its factorial structure in a different sample. Findings are discussed in the light of international scientific literature.

Violencia de pareja a través de medios electrónicos en adolescentes mexicanos / Violence in teenage mexican couples through electronic/social media

Resumen: El propósito de este estudio instrumental fue obtener las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Violencia de Pareja que se expresa a través de Medios Electrónicos (EVIME) en adolescentes mexicanos. Colaboraron 878 participantes, hombres y mujeres con edades de entre 12 y 19 años (M = 16.58; DE = 1.36 años). Dicha escala está compuesta por 32 reactivos agrupados en 5 factores y con formato de respuesta tipo Likert de 4 opciones. Se obtuvo la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación ortogonal (varimax) que explican el 57.7% de la varianza (prueba KMO = 0.93, p = 0.00). La consistencia interna total tiene un valor alfa de Cronbach α = 0.94. Las prevalencias de violencia en una muestra probabilística de 1,278 adolescentes para cada una de las dimensiones son: control, monitoreo intrusivo y vigilancia cibernética = 44.3%; agresión verbal = 15.5%; agresión sexual = 11.9%; coerción sexual = 7.7% y humillación = 6.1%. La violencia de pareja que se manifiesta a través de medios electrónicos es un problema social y de salud pública emergente que posee cualidades específicas debido a la naturaleza de las herramientas tecnológicas que utilizan los adolescentes para interactuar con la pareja romántica.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to get the psychometric characteristics for the Social/Electronic Media Violence in Couples Scale (EVIME for its initials in Spanish) in Mexican teenagers. There were 878 participants, men and women with ages ranging between 12 and 19 years old (M = 16.58; SD = 1.36). This scale is composed by 32 items grouped into 5 factors with 4 Likert-type answer options. The construct validity was obtained through a factorial analysis of principal components with an orthogonal rotation (varimax) which account for the 57.7% of the variance (KMO test = .93, P = .00). The total internal consistency has a Cronbach's alpha of α = .94. Violence prevalence in a probabilistic simple of 1,278 teenagers for each dimension are: control, intrusive monitoring and cybernetic vigilance = 44.3%; verbal aggression = 15.5%; sexual aggression = 11.9%; sexual coercion = 7.7% and humiliation = 6.1%. Violence in couples through social/electronic media is a social and public health growing problem with specific characteristics due to all the variety of technological tools teenagers use to interact with their couple.

Validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Percepción de Riesgo de Deslave en la Ciudad de México / Validation and reliability of the Scale of Landslide Risk Perception in Mexico City

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue generar un instrumento confiable y válido que permita evaluar la percepción del riesgo de deslave en habitantes de asentamientos urbanos vulnerables a riesgos geológicos en la ciudad de México. Se construyó una escala conformada por 9 reactivos con 5 opciones de respuesta; para obtener las propiedades psicométricas óptimas se aplicó a 217 habitantes de entre 18 y 86 años de edad, 126 mujeres y 91 hombres. El análisis de la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad proporcionan una escala final constituida por 6 reactivos organizados en 2 factores, con apropiados índices de bondad de ajuste. Se concluye que la Escala de Percepción de Riesgo de Deslave proporciona información relevante para la toma de decisiones ante fenómenos naturales extremos en la ciudad de México.

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale that assessed the risk perception in urban settlements vulnerable to geological hazards in Mexico City. The scale included 9 items with 5 optional answers. In order to obtain optimum psychometric properties, the scale was applied to 217 inhabitants between the ages of 18 and 86, from which 126 were women and 91 men. The analysis of factorial structure and the reliability provide a final scale made up from 6 items organized in 2 factors with satisfactory goodness of fit (df = 8; χ2 = 14.138; P = .078; CFI = .990; RMSEA = .060). It is concluded that the Scale of Landslide Risk Perception provides relevant information for decision-making to extreme natural phenomena in Mexico City.

Revisiting happiness: Frequency versus intensity / Redefiniendo la felicidad: frecuencia versus intensidad

Abstract Mexico is consistently portrayed as a happy country. Research endeavors, both national and international, show that Mexico's levels of happiness are favorable, although little has been done regarding specific measurement underpinnings. There is a constant debate on whether happiness should be measured in terms of frequency or intensity of positive affect over negative affect (Diener, Sandvik, & Pavot, 2009), although some consensus points toward frequency's superiority over intensity of emotions. Some authors insist that frequency can me more easily and accurately measured than intensity, allowing for cross-person metric comparisons. This research put to test the frequency-intensity debate by providing several conceptual frameworsk that accentuated one over the other, allowing people to decide how they defined their own happiness. Two independent samples (n 1 = 158, n 2 = 583) of Mexican men and women provided insights on whether happiness in Mexico is defined in terms of frequency or intensity. Once it was defined, happiness levels were compared between two groups showing that those who define happiness as "frequency" present higher levels of joy. This research supports the premise that happiness could be defined as the sum of frequent events, congruent with bottom-up approaches to happiness and wellbeing.

Resumen México es consistentemente definido como un país feliz. Algunas investigaciones, tanto nacionales como internacionales, muestran que los niveles de felicidad de México son favorables, aunque poco se ha hecho respecto a algunos aspectos clave sobre la medición de la felicidad. Existe un constante debate sobre si la felicidad debe ser medida en términos de intensidad o de frecuencia de afecto positivo sobre afecto negativo (Diener, Sandvik y Pavot, 2009), aunque existe cierto acuerdo en torno a la superioridad de la frecuencia sobre la intensidad. Algunos insisten en que la frecuencia puede ser medida de manera fácil y precisa, permitiendo una métrica comparable entre individuos. Esta investigación tuvo como propósito poner a prueba el debate de frecuencia-intensidad al proveer diferentes esquemas en torno a la felicidad, permitiendo que la gente eligiera cómo se define esta. Dos muestras independientes (n1 = 158, n2 = 583) de hombres y mujeres mexicanos proveen información útil sobre cómo se define en México la felicidad. Una vez definida, se compararon los niveles de felicidad de 2 grupos, obteniendo resultados que apuntan a mayores niveles de felicidad en aquellos que la definen en términos de «frecuencia¼. Estos hallazgos apoyan la premisa de que la felicidad puede ser entendida como la suma de componentes básicos que ocurren con relativa frecuencia, congruente con las posturas teóricas de «abajo-arriba¼ (sumativas) en torno al estudio del bienestar y la felicidad.

Potencial resiliente en familias con adolescentes que consumen y no consumen alcohol / Resilient potential in families with teenagers who consume and do not consume alcohol / Potencial resiliente em famílias com adolescentes que consome e não consomem álcool

La adolescencia es un periodo crítico para el inicio y desarrollo de las adicciones. Para los padres de familia cada vez son más comunes las adversidades relacionadas con el consumo de alcohol de sus hijos adolescentes y las consecuencias para el desarrollo de estos. El propósito de esta investigación fue establecer si el funcionamiento familiar predice el potencial resiliente de padres con hijos adolescentes que consumen o no consumen alcohol. Participaron de manera voluntaria 140 padres y madres de familia con un hijo adolescente que presentaba un consumo riesgoso de alcohol y 187 padres y madres de familia con un adolescente que no consumía alcohol. Se aplicaron las escalas de Potencial Resiliente (García & García-Méndez, 2013) y Funcionamiento Familiar (García-Méndez, Rivera, Reyes-Lagunes, Díaz-Loving, 2006). Los resultados de las regresiones paso a paso indican que el Potencial Resiliente de los padres y madres de familia es predicho por los factores de Ambiente Familiar Positivo y Mando/Problemas en la Expresión de las Emociones de la Escala de Funcionamiento Familiar.

Adolescence is a critical period for initiating and developing addictions. For parents, adversities related to alcohol consumption of their adolescent children and their implications for development are increasingly common. The purpose of this research was to establish if family functioning predicts the resilient potential of parents with teenage children who consume or do not consume alcohol. Participants were 140 volunteer parents with a teenage child who had a risky consumption of alcohol and 187 parents with a teenager who did not consume alcohol. The Resilient Potential Scale (García & García-Méndez, in press) and the Family Functioning Scale (García-Méndez, Rivera, Reyes-Lagunes & Díaz-Loving, 2006) were administered. The results of stepwise regressions indicate that parents' Resilient Potential is predicted by the factors Positive Family Environment and Command /Problems on the Emotional Expression of the Family Functioning Scale.

A adolescência é um período crítico para o início e desenvolvimento dos vícios. Para os pais de família cada vez são mais comuns as adversidades relacionadas com o consumo de álcool de seus filhos adolescentes e as consequências para o desenvolvimento deles. O propósito desta pesquisa foi estabelecer se o funcionamento familiar prevê o potencial resiliente de pais com filhos adolescentes que consomem ou não consomem álcool. Participaram de maneira voluntária 140 pais e mães de família com um filho adolescente que apresentava um consumo arriscado de álcool e 187 pais e mães de família com um adolescente que não consumia álcool. Aplicaram-se as escalas de Potencial Resilente (García & García-Méndez, 2013) e Funcionamento Familiar (García-Méndez, Rivera, Reyes-Lagunes & Díaz-Loving, 2006). Os resultados das regressões passo a passo indicam que o Potencial Resiliente dos pais e das mães de família é previsto pelos fatores de Ambiente Familiar Positivo e Mando/Problemas na Expressão das Emoções da Escala de Funcionamento Familiar.

Violencia de Pareja en Mujeres: Prevalencia y Factores Asociados / Couple Violence in Women: Prevalence and Related Factors

Resumen: Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia y algunos factores asociados a la violencia de pareja en mujeres de Ecatepec, Estado de México. Material y métodos Se aplicó una encuesta sobre violencia de pareja en una muestra representativa de mujeres adultas. Se estimó un modelo binomial negativo inflado de ceros para identificar los factores asociados a la presencia y ausencia de violencia. Resultados Una de cada tres mujeres reportaron eventos de violencia de pareja. Los factores asociados fueron: escolaridad, violencia durante la infancia, la interrupción de un embarazo, consumo frecuente de alcohol de la pareja masculina, la limitada capacidad para la toma de decisiones y la presencia de estereotipos de género rígidos y tradicionales. Conclusiones La violencia de pareja es un problema frecuente en Ecatepec y se requiere instrumentar programas de intervención enfocados en el manejo de sus determinantes en este contexto sociocultural.

Abstract: Aim To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence among women at Ecatepec, Estado de Mexico. Material and methods Was applied a survey to a representative sample of adult women from Ecatepec, Estado de Mexico about magnitude and correlates of intimate partner violence. Was estimated a zero-inflated negative binomial model to simultaneously identify factors associated with the presence and absence of violence. Results 33% of women reported intimate partner violence events. Factors associated with intimate partner violence were: schooling, childhood abuse, abortion, partner alcohol consumption, non-shared couple decision making and gender stereotypes. Conclusion Intimate partner violence is a public health problem in Ecatepec, requiring the instrumentation of intervention programs focused in its determinants for this sociocultural context.

La percepción de los padres sobre la crianza de los hijos / Parents' perception about child rearing / A percepção dos pais sobre a criação dos filhos

El objetivo del estudio fue elaborar una escala para evaluar los estilos de crianza utilizados por padres y madres. La muestra fue no probabilística y estuvo conformada por 790 participantes, 350 padres y 440 madres de la ciudad de México, con un promedio de edad de 36.34 años. La edad de los hijos fue de 6 a 12 años. Se elaboró una escala Likert con seis opciones de respuesta (totalmente en desacuerdo-totalmente de acuerdo). Los participantes respondieron la escala de manera voluntaria. Después de realizar el análisis psicométrico a los reactivos (sesgo, correlación ítem total, t de Student para grupos extremos, análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación ortogonal, alpha de Cronbach) la escala quedó integrada por 24 reactivos distribuidos en cinco factores: castigo, permisivo, emocional negativo, control conductual, y cognición negativa. Se concluye que se obtuvo una escala válida y confiable para evaluar los estilos de crianza empleados por padres y madres.

The aim of the study was to develop a scale to assess parenting styles used by mothers and fathers. The sample was nonprobabilistic and consisted of 790 participants, 350 mothers and 440 fathers of the city of Mexico, with an average age of 36.34 years. The age of the children ranged from 6 to 12 years. A Likert scale with six response options (strongly disagree-strongly agree) was developed. Participants responded the scale in a voluntary manner. After performing the psychometric analysis of the items (bias, total item correlation, Student's t test for extreme groups, factorial analysis of main components with orthogonal rotation, Cronbach's alpha) the scale was composed of 24 items divided into five factors: punishment, permissive, negative emotional, behavioral control, and negative cognition. It was concluded that a valid and reliable scale was obtained for assessing parenting styles used by mothers and fathers.

O objetivo do estudo foi elaborar uma escala para avaliar os estilos de criação utilizados por pais e mães. A mostra foi não probabilística e estevo formada por 790 participantes, 350 pais e 440 mães da cidade do México, com uma média de idade de 36.34 anos. A idade dos filhos foi de 6 a 12 anos. Elaborou-se uma escala Likert com seis opções de resposta (totalmente em desacordo-totalmente de acordo). Os participantes responderam a escala de maneira voluntária. Depois de realizar a análise psicométrica aos reativos (desvio, correlação item total, t de Student para grupos extremos, análise fatorial de componentes principais com rotação ortogonal, alpha de Cronbach) a escala ficou integrada por 24 reativos distribuídos em cinco fatores: castigo, permissivo, emocional negativo, controle conductual, e cognição negativa. Conclui-se que se obteve uma escala válida e confiável para avaliar os estilos de criação empregados por pais e mães.

La instrumentalidad y expresividad en la percepción hacia la mujer con éxito / Personality Attributes as Determinants of Attitudes towards Successful Women

El propósito del presente estudio es conocer el mejor predictor de la actitud hacia la mujer con éxito en hombres y mujeres a partir de los atributos de personalidad vinculados con la instrumentalidad (conjunto de características ligadas a la competitividad, responsabilidad, orientación al logro), así como a los que se vinculan con la expresividad (características que involucran la expresión de afectos, el cuidado de otros). La muestra estuvo integrada por 908 participantes voluntarios, 454 hombres y 454 mujeres, todos ellos residentes de la Ciudad de México. Los resultados revelan que el impacto de la instrumentalidad positiva como de la expresividad positiva (androginia) es importante para los hombres como para las mujeres para determinar su actitud positiva hacia una mujer con éxito.

This paper has the aim of knowing which of the personality attributes linked to instrumentality (set of characteristics linked to competivity, responsibility, and achievement orientation) and expressivity (set of characteristics linked to the expression of affect, and caring for others) is the best predictor for attitudes towards successful women in both men and women. A sample of 908 voluntaries (454 men, 454 women), all residents of Mexico City, was used for this study. Results show the impact of positive instrumentality and positive expressivity (androgyny) is important for men and women to determine their positive attitude towards a successful woman.